<text><span class="style10">hips (2 of 6)1. DevelopmentThe evolution of the sailing ship</span><span class="style7">Early ships were maneuvered by means of a steering oar or paddle on the quarter (i.e. the side near the stern). Between 1200 and 1500 the gradual replacement of the steering oar by the wooden rudder brought about an enormous improvement in ship-handling. As ships grew larger the single mast gave way to two, three or even four masts. These features were incorporated in the Mediterranean </span><span class="style19">carrack</span><span class="style7">, which became the standard large ship in the 15th and 16th centuries.A smaller version of the carrack, the </span><span class="style19">caravel</span><span class="style7">, was used along with the carrack by the Spanish and Portuguese to make their epic voyages of discovery. The caravel was easy to handle and large enough for ocean voyages, yet small enough to be rowed if there was no wind.During the 15th century the warship also grew much bigger. Ships with a displacement of 250 tons at the beginning of the century had been replaced by ships of 1000 tons or more by 1500. Guns were used at sea in English men o' war from about 1340 and many of the Spanish galleys at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 carried heavy armaments. Gunports were provided in French and Spanish ships before 1500.The huge expansion of the known world in the 16th century had a lasting effect on the ships of the trading nations. In Northern Europe the cog was expanded, while Spain and Portugal continued to develop the carrack. By the time England faced the Spanish Armada in 1588, </span><span class="style19">galleons</span><span class="style7"> were the new model of fighting ship on both sides. But English shipwrights favored low-charged (low-sided) ships, while the Spanish clung to the high-charged carrack hull.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>26</id>
<text><span class="style10">he carrack</span><span class="style7"> of the 15th century, similar to ColumbusΓÇÖs ship the </span><span class="style19">Santa Maria</span><span class="style7">. Columbus also sailed with the caravels </span><span class="style19">Pinta </span><span class="style7">and </span><span class="style19">Nina. </span><span class="style7">Caravels are even smaller ships with lateen rigs (i.e. triangular sails).</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>23</id>
<text>ΓÇó ENGINESΓÇó MODERN SHIPPINGΓÇó ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECEΓÇó THE INVASIONS (VIKINGS)ΓÇó THE VOYAGES OF DISCOVERYΓÇó EUROPEAN EMPIRES IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIESΓÇó THE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONSΓÇó THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARSΓÇó WORLD WAR IΓÇó WORLD WAR II</text>
